It is a combination of RFID and interconnection technologies [ 21 ]. Both of them use the same working standards and radio frequencies for communication [ 15 ]. The differences between these technologies can be listed as follows:.
There is an eavesdropping risk for data exchange. NFC has a short transmission range. That is why NFC-based transactions are inherently secure and there is almost no risk of eavesdropping [ 8 ], [ 15 ]. RFID allows only one mobile interaction method, according to which a reader reads or writes a predefined tag.
NFC enabled devices allow three different mobile interaction methods. The tag responds and sends the information it contains back to the mobile device. This type of interaction is congruent with the interaction in RFID systems. According to the second type of interaction, the NFC enabled device acts as a tag or a smart card. Information on the device can be read by a reader at an interaction point. According to the last type of interaction, direct communication between two NFC enabled mobile devices is possible [ 8 ].
Initiator begins and controls the information exchange. Target responds to the requirements of the initiator. Two modes of operation exist for NFC: active and passive. In the active operation, initiator and target generate their own field of radio frequency to transmit data. In the passive operation, only one of these devices generates the radio frequency field. The other device is used to load modulation for data transfer [ 21 ]. Besides a cell phone antenna used for connection to the network operator, the phone contains a RF antenna for communication with RFID readers.
This reader collects data from fixed or mobile RFID tags. The phone also includes an antenna. The phone should have an appropriate reader software for reading and writing tags [ 22 ]. The rest of this study focuses on mobile devices that are integrated with RFID readers. A mobile RFID system works as follows [ 8 ], [ 23 ]:.
User brings the mobile device equipped with a reader and the object with a tag smart object close to each other. Reader software in the mobile device activates and decodes tag info, which can be a list of services e. The goal of the project is to investigate and develop new methods for mobile interactions with the Internet of Things [ 24 ].
As mentioned in Section 2. According to this method, a reader reads or writes a predefined tag. Applications of mobile RFID span across multiple areas including enterprises, consumer markets, public sector and even private lives. Among the reviewed references, which studied the application possibilities of mobile RFID, some references have a general classification of all possible application areas and some concentrate on a few, special application areas.
In order to analyze the references, the reviewed applications are grouped into a classification framework for mobile RFID that considers three main application groups: Public , Business and Private see Figure 4.
Public applications include non-commercial applications for public use such as applications for education and health. Private applications are also non-commercial applications of RFID based appliances and focus on using RFID in connection with mobile devices in houses or in offices e.
RFID tagged food items in smart refrigerators. Business applications cover all commercial and non-commercial applications in a business organization such as applications for Supply Chain Management, Customer Relationship Management or Workflow Management.
Classification framework for mobile RFID applications. Applications from thirteen references are reviewed in this study, in order to determine the possibilities concerning commercial utilization of mobile RFID.
Below, each work is summarized briefly. Study of reference [ 15 ] is one of the few studies that considers directly the use of mobile RFID and proposes four application categories:.
Applications for education: RFID tags are used to enable learner to access learning content of an object according to the surrounding context. Applications for entertainment and culture: Mobile RFID is used to enhance visits to museums and art galleries, particularly for guided visits.
Commercial applications: Using mobile RFID for any commercial activity such as ticketing, banking or purchasing goods and services. Reference [ 25 ] groups mobile RFID applications into the following zones:. Downloading bus routes by scanning RFID tagged buses, downloading prices of RFID tagged goods at stores, downloading movie information, trailers, show timings and the nearest theater locations by scanning RFID tagged movie posters, downloading current menu being served at a restaurant by scanning its RFID tag are some examples for applications concerning location based services.
It supports them in terms of inventory management in real-time, work attendance log, instructions on how to operate tagged items and demonstrating of staff presence at certain locations etc. Applications for private zone: Mobile RFID assists users in their private spaces like home, garden, garage etc. For example, it helps users to make an instant call or send an instant message by scanning RFID tagged photographs and business cards.
By scanning RFID tagged household items with a mobile phone, information e. Report of reference [ 22 ] focuses mainly on the enterprise market.
However, a few consumer applications are presented to show the potential of the technology in the consumer market. Mobile RFID applications are categorized in five groups:.
Applications for getting real time product information: For example, a service technician touches the machine to service with his smartphone, and up-to-date service information for example last service date, instructions for additional service is downloaded at his device. Applications for collecting real-time information: For example, sending specific time and location information about a position or status for some calculations like meter measurement for pricing measurement is sent for pricing by touching a tag attached on a meter with the mobile device or like recording travel expenses a tag attached on the car dashboard sends the starting and ending mileage for an expense report.
Applications for automatic asset tracking: Instead of counting devices manually on remote sites, mobile phone can collect info from RFID tags on equipment PCs, desks, chairs etc.
Applications for consumer marketing: Pointing onto a poster enables buying a video, a song etc. Reference [ 5 ] analyses commercial applications based on mobile RFID technology and defines three areas for it:. Product ordering: RFID tags are used for getting the latest information about products and for ordering them in case of a positive buying decision. Transportation management: RFID tags are used to provide basic information of transported products and to record exception information.
Products receiving: RFID tags are used for checking the expected quality of the received products. Reference [ 26 ] examines the utilization of RFID in mobile supply chain management and groups the application areas as follows:.
Medical and pharmaceutical applications: identification and determining the location of staff and patients, asset tracking, counterfeit protection for drugs. Reference [ 27 ] defines seven scenarios for mobile RFID applications, which are partly inspired by Nokia:. Information retrieval: Mobile device helps to receive information on tagged items.
Information would be stored in a database, which is accessed via mobile network. For example, a mobile phone user sees an advertisement on a poster and wants to get more information about the advertised product. Data transmission: Means data transfer, for example for reading of electricity meters via a mobile phone. Automated messaging: Messages will be transmitted when the tags are read e.
Device integration: Information retrieved from tags in the environment can indicate to the mobile phone, which could then activate certain functions. For example, when a mobile phone is placed in a car, support for hands-free can be activated or when the mobile phone is in a hospital, it will be blocked. Presence indication: RFID tag on the phone enables readers in the environment to identify the phone.
For example, the location data of a person in a building can be used to provide automatic login to a system. In reference [ 8 ] two scenarios for physical interaction are introduced. The first one is a Smart Environment, according to which the user at home can interact with his personal electronic devices.
The second one is about Information Heavy Situations, which can be applied for museum visits and guided tours. Transactions in supermarkets and fashion stores, buying car parking tickets, getting tourist information and using active posters are defined as possible utilization of mobile RFID in this study.
In reference [ 28 ], literature on mobile commerce m-commerce applications are reviewed. The result of this review reveals that location based services, mobile advertising, mobile entertainment services and games, mobile financial applications, product locating and searching, m-commerce in individual companies or industries are the possible m-commerce applications. Reference [ 4 ] defines mobile RFID as a service using mobile devices to download information from RFID tags containing information of a specific area like stores, restaurants and tour sites.
Reference [ 29 ] executes a wide study about the utilization of mobile RFID. It describes many applications for RFID e. Reference [ 30 ] provides information about a B2B case study in the retail industry supported through RFID technology and demonstrates that the RFID network can improve all relevant supply chain processes.
In reference [ 31 ], mobile RFID technology is used to track and trace a product during supply chain activities e. In reference [ 32 ], mobile RFID is used to manage product arrival inspection and loading in the context of transport management.
In Table 1 , all applications found in the reviewed references are categorized according to the framework for mobile RFID applications. Public and Private applications of the mobile RFID classification framework are out of the scope of this study. In order to define commercial applications and the advantages of mobile RFID, this study focuses on Business applications. Business applications differentiate among in-house- applications, B2B and B2C applications.
In-house -applications deal with the execution of internal, non-commercial processes in enterprises. B2B applications comprise mainly commercial applications in supply chain management with business partners as well as applications for logistic processes. B2C processes aim to sell goods to end-consumers. Figure 5 includes an extended classification framework for mobile RFID applications. Extended classification framework for mobile RFID applications. If you follow developments in the tech industry on a semi-regular basis, you're likely familiar with the terms near-field communication NFC and radio frequency identification RFID.
This unique feature allows NFC devices to communicate peer-to-peer. At a minimum, an RFID system comprises a tag , a reader , and an antenna. The reader sends an interrogating signal to the tag via the antenna, and the tag responds with its unique information. Active RFID tags contain their own power source giving them the ability to broadcast with a read range of up to meters. Their long read range makes active RFID tags ideal for many industries where asset location and other improvements in logistics are important.
Passive RFID tags do not have their own power source. RFID is the most used identification procedure in warehousing, ware tracking, and freight logistics. The operating distance is defined as vicinity range, and thus significantly above that of NFC. So-called NFC Type 5 tags can be modified by a smartphone as long as it is in close proximity to the tag.
Manufacturers, shipping companies, retailers and consumers may get read or even write access to the tag. This opens up new options for handling of goods on their way from manufacturer to end consumer:. This intelligent connection of two neighboring contactless communication systems ultimately turns NFC into a strong promoter of the Internet of Things.
Now, it is exciting to see which innovative ideas will result from the implementation and usage of the IoT. Lower power requirements of type 5 tags enable smaller NFC antennas and a wider range of use cases like ware tracking or fraud protection. Read more. Contact Find the right contact person for your needs.
0コメント