Faustus , Othello , or Macbeth. They introduced more ordinary protagonists, however, and enriched their tales with the addition of subplots. Over the next few centuries, tragedy evolved along with the growth of the novel. Although they no longer followed the dramatic character arc of the play, tragic novels nevertheless addressed the great religious and psychological questions surrounding human suffering. Today, tragedy remains a much appreciated literary genre.
As modern audiences continue to enjoy tragedies from across the millennia, they also continue to produce new variations of the genre on for the stage, the page, and the screen. The picture encyclopedia storyboards have easily digestible information with a visual to stimulate understanding and retention.
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Unlisted storyboards can be shared via a link, but otherwise will remain hidden. Aristotle is just one of many philosophers who, through the ages, has defined tragedy in their own terms. Tragedies for the stage fell out of favor by the Middle Ages, when the Church assumed dominance of much of Western art. Not surprisingly, this era produced plays primarily about moral dilemmas and religious teachings. Poets, scholars, and other writers translated these plays for the contemporary audience.
The Renaissance in England ushered in a new era in stage tragedies. There were three types of tragedies generally written and performed during this period: tragedies of circumstance, which involved unfortunate events happening to characters through no fault of their own, such as being born into an ill-fated but noble family; tragedies of miscalculation, in which a character commits an error—sometimes seemingly small—that has major and catastrophic consequences; and revenge plays, in which a character seeks to avenge a suffering by instigating more suffering.
French dramatist Pierre Corneille continued this tradition into the 17th century, adding his own interpretation of the genre. He felt that all tragedies should have honorable, admirable characters, which would further add to the misfortune of their downfall; center stories about royalty or government, like wars, marriages, and political assassinations; and avoid rewarding evil behavior with redemption.
Despite Aristotle, Corneille, and the Renaissance playwrights declaring formal rules about tragedy, as time went on, the parameters around the genre started to soften. Playwrights felt more emboldened to break the bonds of traditional form, incorporating elements of tragedy into comedies and vice versa, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and continuing to the present day.
American playwright Arthur Miller argued that domestic environments provided the perfect setting for modern tragedies, and common folk the ideal heroes and heroines. Modern tragedies possess more nuance than those of the ancient and classical worlds; rarely are all or most of the principal characters dead by the end of a modern tragedy, as is the case in most older tragic works.
Modern playwrights interpret tragedy to mean any number of unfortunate circumstances that might befall a character and lead to suffering and profound ruin: the loss of a loved one, the end of a relationship, a financial downturn, mental illness, and, of course, death, to name just a few.
Using this more inclusive definition of tragedy, many modern plays meet the benchmarks of the genre. A play can include any number of elements that identify it as a tragedy, the most common being a tragic hero, a tragic flaw, and catharsis.
A tragic hero is a central character whose choices or weaknesses lead to their downfall. They initially possess some admirable or valiant quality, such as bravery, compassion, or decency. But, their bad judgement or moral failings, however momentary, result in a failure that has disastrous consequences. The flaw might be a decision or mistake the character makes or a limitation they possess.
For instance, the title character in Macbeth has the tragic flaw of unbridled ambition, which drives him to join forces with his power-hungry wife and try to murder the king. It shatters under the bullying of her brother-in-law, bringing about her undoing and her ultimate commitment to a mental institution. Catharsis is a purging or purification of emotions. Suffering is one of the few universal human experiences we all share, and understanding it helps us better understand one another. This naturally leads to empathy, and it can also comfort an audience and make them feel less alone.
Novels , short stories, and nonfiction works like memoirs and biographies can also have tragic elements similar to those found in the genre of plays.
The novel The Fault in Our Stars is a romantic tragedy about two terminally ill teenagers who fall in love. A Little Life by Hanya Yanagihara has been called an epic modern tragedy, chronicling the lives of four friends from college to middle age.
For instance, in The Year of Magical Thinking , Joan Didion delves into her grief surrounding the sudden death of her husband and its devastating impact on her life. Usually, the plot of the story follows a gradual descent from greatness to destruction.
In the end, we feel deep sadness and pity also called pathos for the hero. But we also feel a sense of understanding — the story warns us to guard against the ordinary flaws that brought down the hero. Thorin Oakenshield from The Hobbit is a great tragic hero. His quest is to restore the Dwarves to their kingdom under the mountain, and he is utterly committed to that quest — so committed, in fact, that he gradually isolates himself from his supporters and friends, believing he can trust no one.
Take note, though! Thorin might be a tragic hero, but The Hobbit is no tragedy! It has a happy ending, after all. Citizen Kane , arguably the greatest movie ever made, is definitely a modern tragedy, but oddly told in flashbacks.
The tragic hero dies at the very beginning of the story, rather than the end, and the rest of the movie is all about trying to piece together the complex life that led to his tragic downfall. In the movie, we see Charles Foster Kane grow from a carefree young boy into an ambitious young newspaper man, and from there to a bitter old miser. Over the course of the film, Kane is brought down by his own greed and ambition.
Tragedies might be the oldest form of storytelling in the Western tradition. The earliest known Greek plays are all tragedies, and many Greek philosophers believed that tragedy was the highest form of literary art.
No one is really sure why people have historically loved tragedies so much. Of course, some people do. But tragedy has an enduring power in literature that shows deep and lasting popularity. What accounts for it? Aristotle argued that tragedies give us a feeling of catharsis , or the release of pent-up emotions.
Aristotle believed that a good tragedy was a productive, safe way to release those negative emotions. Unfortunately, tragedies are extremely rare these days. Shakespeare was a huge fan of a good tragedy, and some of his best plays are his tragedies. Macbeth, for example, tells the story of a noble Scottish warrior whose wife convinces him to betray and murder the King.
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